0 Flu symptoms 2013: Chinese bird flu is resistant to drugs

Scientists have discovered a mutation in the new strain of bird flu, showed for the first time in humans in March this year in China, which makes it resistant to key drug without limiting its ability to spread among mammals, Reuters reported, citing published in the journal " Nature Communications ".

The discovery means that unlike seasonal flu strains that often become more difficult transmissible when develop resistance to drugs such as "Tamiflu" to "Roche", the new virus of  bird flu H7N9 has not lost its ability to spread, although developed resistance.





And while it does not strain H7N9 potential to cause a human pandemic, researchers say doctors should be more cautious use of antiviral medications in the treatment of infection with it and be able to use other drugs besides Tamiflu, like Relenza to "GlaxoSmithKline".


"Usually drug resistance damage of viruses, but what surprised us is that in the case of H7N9 resistance does not diminish its ability to spread" says Nicole Bouvier, head of the research team from the hospital "Mount Sinai" in New York.

Experts remind that there is still no evidence of continuing and easy spreading H7N9 strain among people. Published in August scientific analysis, however, offer the most convincing evidence to date that the virus is able to "jump" from person to person and has the potential to cause a human flu pandemic.

In a separate study, experts from the U.S. announced this week that while it is not impossible H7N9 to become easily transmissible from person to person , the virus will have to pass through multiple mutations to achieve it. This means that scientists around the world should continue to monitor it "vigilant" and monitor for signs that developed similar potential .

0 What are the flu symptoms

Learn to identify associated with autorevolezza, the way to protect

The actual flu virus is recognized to distribute very easily through the surroundings inhaled and this is the main reason why any contact with aerosols generates within the onslaught. The virus spreads quickly and hence to prevent an outbreak such as scenario, throughout the world the medical fraternity isolate and treat individuals contaminated with some of the three virus sorts: A, Udem? rket and Chemical substance.

The flu symptoms commonly noticed include fatigue as well as fever related to body as well as headache, severe discomfort sore joints. The condition is also proven to manifest by means of hot and chilly flashes. This provides on ague and also shivering once the fever comes on. The specific resultant cough as well as sore throat due to the trojan being airborne, ushers in an exceedingly sudden loss of desire for food, which usually once again brings on general some weakness and tiredness.

It is possible to see that the virus takes just a single cause element to bring on a number of flu symptoms which are also associated with a whole lot of additional medical maladies. It pays to get over and arrest the particular watering through the eyes as well as a running nasal area or even ear discomfort as quickly as possible. Regarding kids, it is very important avoid the settling within associated with diarrhea. The particular resultant discomforting abdominal pain makes their condition really regrettable. Crucial to remember is the fact that the specific flu virus may be easily overlooked and that this spreads inside the initial week of contraction.




There are a variety associated with remedies at hand that help you in the specific combat and some are actually work from home. Work to private hygiene and being a disinfectant common aspects of interaction go a considerable ways. The outward symptoms could be arrested having lots of rest and a checked diet. Losing desire for food can be best given an increased liquid diet comprising hydrating as well as nourishing fluid consumption and restriction on the intake of any kind of alcoholic beverage. A bout with all the typical cool can mean more things compared to 1 .

The start a common cold could possibly be the consequence of the intake of chilly beverages or even a respiratory system infection because of another health malady or sickness. Still one of the most common manifestations through the flu virus-like infection is also the normal cool. A chilly is recognized to usher in a temperature and the two have a toll on the immune system to actually enable you to get down! Each one of these and the other lead to factors of a common cold are usually surprisingly additionally associated with flu symptoms and signs.

When considering or perhaps deliberating on common cold vs flu symptoms and signs, it is important to keep in mind that the commonalities are just too many! The particular flu virus has existed for a long time right now and hence contracting excellent background in our societies around the world. Still it is vital and also highly critical to note the condition propagates into an outbreak within an issue or days. Like the common chilly, the flu disease too manifests in fever plus body aches. You can find ague as well as fatigue related to both the conditions. The lies in the fact that a common cold are usually treated with home remedies as well as abates along with inhalation and the the consumption of hot fluids; while on the other hand the flu virus requires antibiotics and a shot within severe instances.

It is not even close to wrong to declare which the two immune system weakening conditions occur at the same time. They have also been observed by the portion of the medical related fraternity studying on cold vs flu signs and symptoms that a common cold always comes with the particular onset of flu however it is just not necessary for the chilly in order to result in flu. Instead of treating the observable symptoms like a couple of daily life, it is ital to consider every preventative measure to avoid the particular spread of the condition.

Flu as well as common cold signs and symptoms express by means of a running nose and lack of appetite. Another commonalities range from the starting point of a temperature and general exhaustion. Both the weather is associated with the to the outside exhibition of body soreness, headaches as well as cough, when left disregarded. It is far from uncommon to get a individual with a common cold, like in the situation of influenza, to show signs of feeling sick and vomiting and even diarrhea that will results from disregard. Both the health health problems call for majority, common rehydration, healed steam inhalation and also upgraded private cleanliness.

Flu symptoms could be effectively handled and wiped off the local and work front if handled in time. None of the signs and symptoms need to essentially be neglected, especially in the lighting of understanding that they stick to prolonged tendency of prevalence. It is really worth your time to research and be aware of situation and especially the take factors to be able to challenge the onslaught in the begin. are super easy to detect plus treat as well as hygiene and simple precaution in the common areas of connection and also socialization go a long way to keep the pandemic at bay.

0 Flu symptoms 2013: New flu knocks us just 30 minutes

Only half an hour later we are with temperature and cough .

Epidemiologists revealed that this year we will be attacked by terrible flu with rapid damage to the human body. A few hours after infect 'll be knocked out of bed the usual flu symptoms such as fever, muscle aches and malaise. Experts add that the virus this year will be slightly stronger than last year.


The most dangerous in the new flu strain that spread really fast and actually almost no incubation period. In lower organisms concerned can be broken down within half an hour, and at first did not understand what this is all about.

However, the consequences are severe, because the pain in the throat and whooping cough may continue for weeks, if not timely action is taken. This year's flu strain poses dangers and must go to the GP if misfortune overtake us. As soon as you feel the onset of flu symptoms persist main doctor.

According to experts, self generally lies countless dangers. First is unnecessary for antibiotics that improper dosage can cause serious effects on the kidneys and liver. Furthermore, some of the drugs is quite possible to unlock any allergic reaction, but unfamiliar with the composition of drugs a person can fall right on that.





 Note, however, that a visit to the GP can save you from many unpleasant consequences of flu. Timely medical assistance will help you much more quickly to fight off flu symptoms and healed completely.

1 Flu symptoms 2013: Cold or flu - the difference can be important

Symptoms of the flu and the common cold are similar, but diseases are different

So called  common cold and flu are the most common diseases in the autumn- winter season. Apart from being purely a health issue - they are often confused with each other , as many of their symptoms are the same, their importance is growing more and socially. In many countries, statistics show that 70% of the temporary incapacity of the working age population was due to these seemingly harmless diseases. The tools which are used for their treatment are generally higher than those for the treatment of diabetes, for example. These diseases are not only widespread, but also costly to society, so their prevention and treatment are paying more attention.

The flu and the common cold are different diseases, although occurring in similar ways. Both of respiratory infections, i.e. respiratory tract infections caused by viruses. If common cold is misdiagnosed as the flu, it's not a problem. Rarely, and only in the worst case it may lead to secondary bacterial infections of the ears or sinuses, which are treated with an antibiotic. However, if the flu is misdiagnosed as a common cold and do not take more serious measures, there is a potential risk of serious, even life-threatening complications (such as pneumonia).


Some of the flu symptoms and common cold symptoms are similar, but the two diseases can be distinguished. In contrast to influenza, in which the beginning is suddenly mostly colds gradually - 2-3 days after infection with the virus. The first symptoms are usually irritation and sore throat, followed by sneezing and runny nose with plenty of runny nose, malaise, headache. The temperature most frequently is not raised (at least not substantially ) which also differs in comparison with influenza - with its temperature tends to rise to the higher values. 2-3 days after the beginning of the cold may occur a slight cough. Sometimes the symptoms are more severe in infants and young children - in their temperature can be raised to 39-40 ° C.

Colds usually last between 2 and 7 days. Common cold is a disease which may be caused by more than 200 different viruses - most often they are of the group of the rhinoviruses, but may be from other groups - e.g. coronaviruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, coxsackie, echo virus and others. Therefore, a variety of agents to the production of a vaccine against cold impossible. To reduce the incidence, it is necessary for people to increase their own defenses and to reduce contact with potential virus carriers.

0 Flu vaccine: Scientists develop new flu vaccine.

 In recent months, U.S. scientists develop new flu vaccine, and their goal is to create a tool to more effectively protect the people of the coming flu pandemic wave.

With the end of summer and the temperature drops, slowly comes and the season of serious disease for which scientists do not stop looking for a cure. Unlike other vaccines, such as hepatitis B, measles, mumps, polio, thie flu vaccine is improving every year.

In the U.S., even now there are proposals by pediatricians children 6 years and older to be vaccinated as soon as the new vaccine becomes available.

According to the Centre for prevention and control of diseases in the U.S. seasonal flu vaccines reduced to 60% risk of becoming ill.

Experts constantly monitor flu viruses to identify those that are most likely to cause sick humans. After the identification, however, it takes at least six months in order to create a vaccine.

The main problem here comes from the long period during which the development of a vaccine takes. Meanwhile, the virus can evolve significantly and then created a vaccine would not be effective enough.

Researchers working on a revolutionary prevention of influenza - a vaccine to protect against all types of influenza viruses, ie seeking "universal flu vaccine". Its development is at an experimental stage, and initial clinical studies suggest that its creation is completely feasible.

Universal vaccine will provide longer protection. It is also planned to be called once like that measles.

What is the prevention of influenza and acute respiratory diseases?
When is the right time to be vaccinated against influenza?

Means of prevention are divided into two major groups - non-specific and specific.

Limit the spread of non-specific causes of respiratory infections such as covering your mouth and nose with a mask or cloth in speaking, sneezing and coughing, frequent replacement and disposal of used masks at designated locations, good personal hygiene, frequent hand washing and rubbing with wipes or disinfectant.

Specific tools include preparations with specific action regarding influenza viruses - flu vaccines and antivirals.

Essential for the prophylaxis of influenza are the current flu vaccines, which are characterized by good tolerability and proven effectiveness.

Vaccination is held in the fall, at least about 1 month before the beginning of the epidemic, as post-vaccination immunity is formed 15-20 days after vaccination. For our latitudes are the most suitable months from October to November, maybe September.

In humans, for which immunization is strongly recommended, but has not been made in time, the vaccine may be administered in December, taking into account the time required for producing immunity - not less than 2 weeks.

Prophylaxis with antiviral drugs is not recommended as standard practice for a number of reasons, including the risk of selecting resistant strains. In any particular case the decision should be made by a specialist.

What should be the prevention of influenza and acute respiratory diseases in at-risk groups?

The only reliable means of protection from flu influenza vaccines. Therefore, they are highly recommended for risk groups.

For people at risk who have not been immunized because of contraindications, no vaccine or other reasons can be applied to prevent antiviral drugs with a prescription.

What other measures can we take to boost immunity to prevent illness during the winter ?

We must not forget that vaccines protect only the included influenza strains, ie from a serious illness, " flu" during the season, and the development of complications. To prevent other causes of acute respiratory disease should not forget some simple rules, often ventilate the premises and hand washing with warm water and soap.

Other measures to reduce exposure to air pollution indoors than solid fuel stoves, smoking, etc..

Full and proper nutrition is also important. It is extremely important to promote breastfeeding of infants for 6 months.

Provision of adequate sleep and rest is also an important measure to improve the overall health and prevention of flu and other respiratory diseases in winter.

1 Stomach flu : Kobuvirus, the new stomach infection

Kobuviruses, new causes of stomach flu

In 1989 . in the county Aihi in Japan in the stool of a person suffering from a stomach flu, was isolated agent called Aihivirus. Yamashita and Takeda authors found that it was 30nm smaller, round, non-enveloped virus that has a positive single-stranded RNA genome of 8280 nucleotides. Aihivirus with newly stomach virus in cattle and swine, formed a new genus Kobuvirus to the picornavirus family .

Increasing also interesting to kobuvirusite rapidly induces numerous studies have found that infection in Asia, Europe and America , both in humans and in animals. Proven so far several different genotypes - to humans, bovine , swine and sheep and possibly rats.
Human kobuvirus a prototype Aihivirusa has 3 variants A, B and C, which are distributed in different continents . Serological survey registers from 70 to 90% of positive blood samples in the elderly . This percentage will get bigger with age. As with other intestinal infections , about half of them pass oligosymptomatic . Clinical picture does not differ much from that of rotaviruses stomach flu. After a short incubation period of up to two days the infection starts with the usual symptoms of stomach flu - transient increase in temperature , malaise, abdominal pain and diarrhea, which is complicated by E. coli . E. coli infection accompanied kobuvirus infection. Rarely appear and respiratory flu symptoms - panting , leaks from the nose , cough, pneumonia , headaches, etc.

Kobuvirus infection has recently become a problem for the human pathology , but still not have developed biologics against her.

Boville kobuvirus is also quite common cause of stomach flu, but because of poorly studied, the distribution is still unclear, and there almost half oligosymptomatic infections occur . Initially infection induces abomazit which reduces appetite , then the virus passes into the small intestine and cause more severe enteritis . Some authors also reported prolonged colitis. Often kobuvirus infection is found in the respiratory tract as bronchopneumonia lesions.Te accompanied regularly by E. coli infections. A subset of infected calves developed respiratory infection catarrhal conjunctivitis . The mortality rate ranges between 5 and 10% , especially if combined with a bacterial infection.

Swine kobuvirus was first isolated in Hungary in 2007, and then in a number of Asian countries - China, Korea , Thailand and Japan. Serological studies show about 90 % positive pigs. Unlike Aihi and Boville kobuvirus, swine Kobuvirus is prone to generalization and viraemias. It is localized not only in the intestine , but can often be found in the body. The virus is excreted in the faeces not only, but also through all the excreta of the sick pig. So it spreads much more intense. Except for diarrhea and stomach flu, the kobuvirus involved in pneumonia with encephalitis and meningitis in pigs, etc.
The Kobuvirus inefection diagnosis is difficult and lengthy. Identification is achieved only through the SGP and then for each genotype using different primers. Clinical picture of kobuvirus infection is not typical and may be confused with several other virus infection.

Despite the significant number of studies , many countries and areas of kobuvirus infection in animals remain unanswered . Spread of infection in many countries is not yet established . Pathogenesis of kobuviruses not only affects the intestinal tract, but also covers a number of other bodies. When this is not yet known which cells and tissues are Predilection for this virus does quiescent conditions , etc.

Immunity against kobuviruses is also unbeaten and appropriate vaccines have not been developed . Since kobuvirus infection becomes relevant especially fever have in this country to begin research vahu this infection .

From the foregoing, it appears that are kobuviruses causative as stomach flu and respiratory diseases such as pneumonia. Among other things, kobuvirus infection usually accompanied with E. coli infection, which further complicates the clinical picture. In some cases the combination is lethal.
Symptoms of kobuvirus infetsiya are standart stomach flu symptoms and in some cases, symptoms of seasonal flu. This makes diagnosis more difficult.

0 Flu symtoms: And this fall, we are not insured by the flu mutation

- What are the forecasts for the expected influenza strains in the new season ? Expect surprises?

Right now it is difficult to make predictions . Influenza viruses have not appeared yet in the Northern Hemisphere.

According to the World Health Organization can expect the emergence of flu strains AH1N1 California, it is possible in some areas to meet and flu strains of AH3N2 Perth , which is known to us from two years ago.

This is somewhat reassuring that the two flu strains have passed through our society and should have some residual immunity in people who have suffered them . On the other hand , as we know , one of the flu virus is very variable , and should not exclude new mutations.

Therefore, to estimate what will be the flu pandemic wave weak or strong by now I can't say.

- A wave of influenza vaccines which will be suitable to use?

If the patient himself has fluctuations what flu vaccine to accept it you should consult your doctor , who advised him most suitable . Putting flu vaccine is a personal choice . In the U.S. the new flu season will be available already and the new quadrivalent flu vaccine . It first includes 4 flu strains - two type A strains and two strains of type B. This provides better protection against flu.

- There are different opinions . Some are opposed to vaccination , others supporters of flu vaccine. Who should be vaccinated?

Experts say that everyone should be vaccinated . This is the only and most secure way to protect not only the flu , but for all diseases for which immunizations are developed . However, there are people who do not need to be vaccinated . Who are you can see in our previous post:
http://stomachflu-symptoms.blogspot.com/2013/09/flu-vaccine-for-you-and-your-children.html

- Which risk groups is recommended to be vaccinated?

Indeed, this is the most important problem. No illusions that flu vaccination should be performed on the entire population. We have no such goals, but to the 2014-2015 season , the need to achieve 75% coverage of vulnerable groups. They are very well defined . These are people over 65 and those with chronic respiratory , heart , internal and metabolic diseases. In fact, this is a large group , it covers the most common diseases. Experience shows that these people must be protected because these complications after suffering flu are most severe , and in some cases fatal.

- What should I do to avoid infection with influenza?

Flu vaccine is the best way. But in life there are different reasons to put it . In this case, always with great skepticism advised to avoid contact with sick . This is impossible . At the beginning of flu epidemics is very large number of people who take the virus. Secondly it is very easy to submit , because becoming airborne . And when sneezing , coughing in public transport , shops and other infection becomes very effective . It is an illusion to say that socially active people can avoid contacts .

- Really treat flu or fight it on foot?

We miss " flu culture " in which at the first flu symptoms - fever , sore throat , coughing , sneezing, we should stop going to work to avoid jeopardizing their colleagues. Unfortunately, these are rare cases.

0 Flu vaccine for you and your children

 The children are one most at risk groups vulnerable to viruses that cause flu. In the U.S. each year are hospitalized more than 20 000 children under 5 years of age with flu symptoms or complications from influenza , such as pneumonia.The flu vaccine can to protect children from serious diseases and even death.
 Most often in the hospital receives children ill flu under 2 years of age. Also, children between the ages of 2 and 4 often seek medical care from GPs or in emergency centers.

Who and when to be vaccinated against flu?

 The flu vaccine is recommended for all , starting with children from 6 months age by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

 To have a greater effect than the flu vaccine is advisable to be vaccinated immediately when vaccines are available in the fall. The objective is to sufficiently during your body to build immunity against influenza virus before flu season is in height. If your child turns 6 months old, in the middle of winter , not
worry . No problem to get your flu shot, even in late January or beginning of February .

How many times should be vaccinated?

 Your physician can tell you how many doses you need , you and your child . some children St require 2 doses of influenza vaccine , especially if you get vaccinated for the first time .
 This year, the U.S. market will show the new quadrivalent flu vaccine can eliminate the need for 2 doses of flu shot.

When you shouldn't be vaccinated against the flu?

 Should not be vaccinated adults and children who have an allergy to eggs.
The reason is that influenza vaccines grown in chicken eggs and contain scars
egg protein .
Not called influenza vaccine to children under 6 months.
Not vaccinated people who have had a severe reaction to a previous vaccination .
Flu vaccine is put to children and adults with the illness with fever .
After they pass the disease can be vaccinated .
If you have questions about whether or not to vaccinate , popitayde your doctors .

Why each year the flu vaccine is changed?

 Each year, scientists develop a new influenza vaccine based on the flu strains which have been in circulation previous flu season . Over the past 30 years influenza vaccines protect against three different flu strains , two strains of influenza type A and one strain of type B. This year, for the first time will be placed quadrivalent flu vaccine that will protect against 2 strains of type B.
 Influenza type A strains are those that cause flu epidemicsand pandemics have severe complications , even death. Strains of type B had less severe symptoms and
pass by lightly .
 Influenza vaccines have about 60% success in preventing the flu. This is Because we each flu season there influenza strains which are not included in the vaccine. But if you vaccinated and still get flu , thanks to the vaccine will fight easier with flu symptoms and recover more quickly.

Are there any side effects from the flu vaccine?

 The main side effect of the flu vaccine is pain around the injection site . This is because they almost all vaccines were placed intramuscularly with the most frequently put in the shoulder. Some children , especially those who have not suffered from the flu so far , may exhibit influenza symptoms such as mild fever , muscle aches and fatigue. These symptom can could continue up to 2 days .
 When using a nasal flu vaccine , some children exhibit flu like symptoms fever, headache, vomiting, fever,  muscle pain and wheezing.
 Other severe allergic reactions are rare , but may occur in all influenza vaccines. If you feel unwell or if you notice any symptoms your child see a doctor !

0 Flu symptoms 2013: New quadrivalent flu vaccine.

In the new vaccination season , will make its debut the new quadrivalent flu vaccine. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have already made a large order of the new influenza vaccine. Manufacturers of influenza vaccines are reporting good demand for the new product.

Approval of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the sale of quadrivalent influenza vaccine for the past 18 months have been MedImmune, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), and Sanofi Pasteu.

Seasonal flu vaccines for several decades have focused on two flu strains of type A ( H1N1 and H3N2 ) and one influenza strain of type B. The new quadrivalent flu shot includes two strains of influenza type B. This is done in order to get vaccinated better protection , regardless of which strain of type B will appear in the next winter.

Production of influenza vaccines for the U.S. market this season will reach between 135 million and 139 million doses. It is not clear how many of these flu shots will be the new quadrivalent flu vaccine. Perhaps the new vaccine will reach only 25 million doses. So if you want to get dase dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine would be better to look at than before.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention inforormirat that about 25,000 Americans die from flu complications each flu season . Federal health officials recommended this year to make influenza vaccines for almost everyone , starting at 6 months of age.

Remember what happened last flu season. Authorities in Boston and New York declared an emergency situation. Had to allow pharmacists to put flu vaccines even infants. Flu epidemic has covered 48 states and took many casualties . Maybe it's better this season to vaccinate as many people as possible .


One expert with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) commented that the quadrivalent vaccines are more costly than trivalent ones, and he cautioned that it remains to be seen whether they will actually yield better protection than the older versions.

Also new in the US flu vaccine marketplace this year are two cell-based flu vaccines, made by Novartis and Protein Sciences Corp. The vaccines are grown in cell cultures rather than in chicken eggs, the method in use for more than 50 years. Cell-culture technology is regarded as more flexible and a little faster than egg-based production, and it eliminates the risk of egg-related allergic reactions.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), which advises the CDC, included quadrivalent flu vaccines when it voted in February on the flu vaccines recommended for use this year. No preference for use of any one vaccine over another has been stated by the ACIP for groups for which more than one type of vaccine is appropriate and available.

0 Stomach flu 2013: Bacterial gastroenteritis - symptoms, treatment, causes.

Intestinal bacteria , staphylococci , dirty hands and stale food are just some of the reasons for the unpleasant summer disease

Bacterial gastroenteritis ( stomach flu ) is one of the so-called summer infections. Most often occurs precisely in the warm weather , and the most affected are children, the elderly and pregnant women .
This disease attacks people while traveling , on the beach , on the train or even at home.

Experts have concluded that bacterial gastroenteritis " flourish " mainly in the summer. This happens because of the high temperature, which helps the bacteria to multiply . A viral gastroenteritis is more common in winter and infection usually becomes airborne .

Overall infection of the digestive system " attack " densely populated areas - kindergartens , schools , camps , restaurants, hikers , beaches, hotels ...

As retailers seem - always carry a disinfecting wipes .
Bacterial gastroenteritis is caused by certain intestinal bacteria , staphylococci pathogenic enteric bacillus , salmonella and microbial dysentery.

Viral gastroenteritis is provoked by intestinal virus called rotavirus. In most cases the infection is a result of dirty hands of spoiled or poorly prepared food, from impure water from dirty objects - knives , forks, towels. And also from raw oysters .
A rare chronic gastroenteritis. It occurs in a serious pathological condition , for example in patients with a diagnosis of cancer .

Symptoms of bacterial gastroenteritis are much stronger and prolonged than that of the viral.

Generally the stomach flu symptoms are acute and variable depending on the causes of pain and response of the organism. Here are the outward signs :

- Nausea or vomiting - often at an early stage;
- Pain in the gut, sometimes less , sometimes very acute ;
- Diarrhea.

According to the experts these are the symptoms of inflammation. There are others - the stools can be a rare and perhaps more common. Sometimes mixed with mucus , and in more severe cases - with blood. Again, experts note that these signs are characteristic of bacterial gastroenteritis. When it tends to increase the temperature . Infection lasts 2-3 days.
Symptoms of bacterial gastroenteritis are much stronger and longer than those of viral gastroenteritis - also known as stomach flu.

The signs of inflammation were detected after one to three days from the time of infection. Viral gastroenteritis heal within 2-3 days. Depending on the level of toxicity ( poisoning ) , the disease can last up to 5 days , maybe 10 days .

Here's the place to say that scientists have developed two vaccines against rotavirus in the form of a mixture . Has them in almost all countries. We recommend that you take advantage of them , it is especially important for children.

Run to the doctor as soon as the first symptoms

Treatment of stomach flu has several phases:

- Hydration of the body and diet . This is a special treatment that involves a very large amount of fluids - mainly water, soup, easily digested meal . This cure most types of viral gastroenteritis.

- Serum introducing liquids. Electrolytes used in the event that has led to dehydration.

- Antibiotics . Accepted only in certain situations. Needed special medication.

- Surgery . This is necessary when it comes to bowel perforation and , of course, happens very rarely . In severe cases of viral and bacterial gastroenteritis patient is being treated in a hospital .

Children, the elderly and pregnant women are most vulnerable. Experts say it is important to call the doctor immediately after detection of the first symptoms. Otherwise may lead to dehydration.

Experts warn

- Do not take anti-diarrheal medicines because it can lead to unintended consequences - entangling or bowel obstruction .

- Do not drink milk and dairy products.

- Do not eat fruit , drink juice or take raw vegetables .

- Lost in these few days pastries and sweet fruit.

- Your doctor will recommend what to eat during this time. Usually had to make do with rice, biscuits , chicken meat , herbal teas, carbonated water.

- Your body needs easily absorbable food to be prepared at home.

- After a few days you can go to the usual diet .

- For infants and very young children need this. Look at pharmacies and supermarkets especially milk against diarrhea - soy or lactose-free . Before you give your child , consult your doctor and follow his recommendations.

- For older children is contraindicated to take ice cream or dairy products because they can trigger diarrhea.

First Aid stomach flu

First and most important is to prevent dehydration. And for this purpose you should be familiar with the signs of this condition :

- Constant feeling of thirst ;
- Dark urine ;
- Dry skin ;
- Dry mouth ;
- Sunken cheeks and eyes ;
- A very small amount of urine or complete lack of one.

Before you find yourself in the skilful hands of the doctor , you should drink plenty of fluids - Add the water a little sugar or salt - better mix them . Rich electrolyte drinks are taken only as prescribed by a physician.
Infants and young children give water with a dropper .
If you are sick , wait half , up to one hour and then start drinking liquids in small quantities.

How to Prevent stomach flu

- Well wash your hands every time before eating and after exiting the restroom . This will protect you from all kinds of infections and diseases. Will avoid contamination with germs and prevent those around you . Teach your children how to wash their hands - a must with hot water and soap. Emphasize the places between your fingers .

- Do not use anyone with the same plate , knife, cup , toothbrush , towel .

- If a family member is ill , avoid close contact with him. Frequently wash your hands , take a bath or shower at every opportunity possible .

- Maintain optimum temperature regime at home - the temperature is not higher than 25 degrees. At higher temperature, the prepared meals you can quickly spoil.

- Very good wash raw fruits and vegetables , whether you bought them from the market, or you type them from your own garden .

- Put almost everything in the refrigerator, especially perishable products - sauces, milk, cream, meat.

- Wash not only your hands but also objects that are used in cutting and touched raw meat. Such are the board and the knife which will then cut the bread, salad and so on.

- Be very careful when you buy shellfish - such as various seafood . Especially if you do not know their origin.

- When you go on vacation or traveling, you should make sure that the staff in the kitchen and bathroom there meets all sanitary and hygienic conditions. These are restaurants , taverns , cafes , eateries , bars , etc.

During travel

- Drink only bottled water , avoid it is very cold .

- Decline of raw food and undercooked meat or fish.

- Always carry a personal hygiene items - toilet paper, soap and towels. There you will find yourself in places where you do not have those things so necessary

4 Summer flu 2013: Dangerous summer viruses.

Summer flu are no less dangerous than the winter!

The flu viruses are typical of the winter months , but GPs warn of especially dangerous summer flu viruses that we should not ignore , despite the warm weather . Causes of summer flu are basically seven enteroviruses .

Enteroviruses are usually grow in the intestine , but it is also possible to attack the beta cells of the pancreatic gland , which produces insulin and cause diabetes in children and adolescents. In elderly people enteroviruses may affect the heart , causing myocarditis and / or aseptic meningitis .

In most cases, the summer flu symptoms is fever , stomach pain , fever , rash, nausea , diarrhea and abdominal pain. Usually the virus develops in the small intestine and just a few hours can be modified to a completely different type of virus. Good hygiene proved the best prevention method for summer viruses.




Enteroviruses are extremely resistant and can infect not only airborne , but if you use a foreign or poorly washed dishes . It is possible to catch even when traveling on public transport from touching the handles on the bus or rail of the escalator in the metro . Over 80 % of cases of enterovirus infections have no clinical symptoms. If you are infected , you may not feel any flu symptoms for several days, but during this period can infect many people around you.

The surest way to prevent summer flu to improve their personal hygiene and improve your immune system. If you are in good health , there is usually no need to visit your GP with flu symptoms. The best treatment consists in staying home and relaxing . Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. You can take Paracetamol and Ibuprofen to download fever and relieve pain.

Necessarily seek medical advice :

If you are over 65 years;
If you are pregnant ;
If you have a weak immune system;
If you suffer from chronic diseases.

The flu is particularly dangerous for those groups at risk , as they are prone to complications. If you fall into one of these high risk groups likely to complicate the disease is very high. Immediately call your doctor , who can prescribe antiviral medication. They will not cure the flu , but it will relieve some of the flu symptoms will likely reduce the risk of complications , but will also speed up and repair process . Note that antibiotics are prescribed for flu and viral diseases as they have no effect on viruses .

3 Summer flu 2013: Summer stomach - intestinal infections

Most common during the hot summer days are rotaviruses, enteroviruses and adenoviruses. Common also salmonellosis and viral hepatitis A. To protect yourself you should follow high hygiene and prevent your children to keep to places where there are many.

To make sure that you protect yourself from the summer stomach bug must have a high immunity that can secure some extent by eating foods rich in vitamins and minerals.

Doctors warn us that in August we can expect a summer flu, which can lead to complications such as meningitis and encephalitis.

To any summer flu most vulnerable children. The best way to cure small, and older people's to follow a diet.

The summer flu symptoms are usually temperature, diarrhea, and vomiting often, fatigue - mainly affect the gastrointestinal tract.

The elderly summer viruses usually undergo more easily than in children. If you do not pay close attention to their condition is likely to develop other serious diseases. Summer flu is just as dangerous as winter colds and flu conditions and should not be underestimated.




The summer infections develop very quickly - literally hours - the first symptoms are with vomiting and diarrhea then there etc. In order to heal, it is best to rest at home, take plenty of fluids - mineral water, no coffee, juice or any other sweet drinks.

 The food best Snack only toast white bread, pretzels, crackers. After a few days you will feel much better, but it is good to follow this diet for at least 3 days to make sure that everything is okay.

To make sure, best see a doctor, especially if these symptoms persist for more than a day - it will explain what to do to heal as quickly as possible.

Prolonged vomiting and diarrhea may lead to dehydration, and in the worst case, may lead to hospitalization and infusions.

The summer stomach bugs cause stomach flu with srious symptoms. Do not underestimate summer infections, they may experience serious complications that have severe effects on human health.

On warm summer days is very possible to get food poisoning from improper storage of food. Be careful what you eat and how you store food.

3 stomach flu 2013: Viral gastroenteritis - the lookout in the summer, but not only!

Viral gastroenteritis, also known as stomach flu, is an inflammation of the mucous coating of the stomach and intestines caused by certain groups of viruses. They settled in the epithelial cells of the mucosa, where they multiply and cause damage to the normal structure and function. The stomach flu is a highly infectious and very common - every year there are tens of millions.

1. What are the stomach flu symptoms?

The main stomach flu symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Also frequently observed headache, fever, chills, and abdominal pain.

Dehydration is the most common complication of stomach flu. Infants, young children, the elderly and those with weakened immune systems are most at risk. Symptoms of dehydration are thirst, often urination, dark urine, lethargy, fatigue, dizziness.

In young children and infants, symptoms are dry mouth and tongue, crying without tears, fever, unusually loud crying or high irritability, sunken eyes and cheeks.

Medical attention should be sought mandatory for young children and people with suppressed immunity, and in cases of blood in the stool (an indicator of bacterial superinfection), severe and prolonged course of infection, symptoms of dehydration. Severe dehydration may require intravenous hydration in a hospital setting.

2. What are the most common causes of viral gastroenteritis?

Rotavirus. Rotaviruses are the leading cause of stomach flu in infants and young children. Incubation was continued for 1 to 3 days. Usually, the infection is accompanied by watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever and muscular pain for 3 to 7 days. Rotaviruses can infect and adults in contact with the ailing child. In adults, the stomach flu symptoms less severe.

Calicivirus. Cause infections in people of all ages. Noroviruses are the most common calicivirus and the most common cause of stomach flu in adults. Often reaching epidemic. Usually epidemics broke out from October to April, but are possible at any time of year. Typical stomach flu symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, headache and muscle aches. The symptoms started 1-2 days after contact with the virus and still 1 to 3 days.

Adenoviruses. Mainly infects children under 2 years. There are 49 types of adenoviruses, one of which affects the gastrointestinal tract and causes nausea and diarrhea. The incubation period is 8-10 days and symptoms persist between one and two weeks. Adenoviral infections may occur at any time of year.

Astroviruses. Infect mostly infants and children less adults. The symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting, continuing for up to one week, and appears after an incubation period of 3-4 days. Symptoms were less severe than Norovirus or rotavirus infections. Astroviruses stomach flu are most common during the winter months.

3. How to transmit infection?

Agents spread by airborne and contact-bit path. Available in faeces and vomit. Patients can contaminate food and objects with the virus after defecating, especially if you do not wash their hands. Able to communicate and contact with another person, such as a handshake. Emesis viruses fall into the air.

Noroviruses are highly contagious especially. They can remain viable for months on the surface of objects which have not been thoroughly disinfected. If there are sick of such viruses, it is recommended that the disinfection of the surrounding objects with bleach.

4. How to diagnose stomach flu?

Typically diagnosis is only based on the clinical manifestations. People with severe and prolonged stomach flu symptoms, you may have to visit a specialist to recommend the study of feces to exclude bacterial and parasitic pathogens and identify company-or norovirus.

5. What is the treatment of stomach flu?

Most infections are self-limiting and require no etiological treatment.

Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections!

The goal of treatment is to control stomach flu symptoms and prevent complications. OTC medications such as loperamide (antidiarrheal) and bismuth subsalicylate (antacid antidiarrheal and antibacterial agent) can be administered in adults but not in children.

Important is the right diet, especially to prevent dehydration and disruption of water-salt balance. It includes drinking plenty of fluids (ideally fruit juices or juices) to replace lost fluids and salts, feed restriction starting eating light, easily digestible food - first toast, then boiled potatoes, rice and bananas, avoid of fatty meats and oily food.

Recommended and plenty of rest.

Children are particularly at risk of complications, especially dehydration. They may be appropriate for the provision of special rehydration solutions. Recommended the granting of such solutions even in infants.

Currently explore new diagnostic tests for different rotavirus strains, new vaccines against norovirus and company-and the benefits of probiotics in the treatment of stomach flu.

6. How can you avoid viral gastroenteritis?

The risk of infection can be greatly reduced by following a few tips:

Thoroughly wash hands with soap after each visit to the toilet or changing diapers and before each meal.
Disinfect the vessels of the patient. (Where possible, it is recommended to use bleach.)
Avoid consumption of foods and beverages that are suspected of being infected.

2 Flu symptoms 2013 What is flu and How do you catch him

What is flu and the flu virus?

The flu is an acute infectious disease of viral etiology. Flu symptoms are fever, cough, headache and muscle aches. It spreads easily from person to person, it circulates around the world and can affect everyone - from the youngest to the elderly and cause epidemics and pandemics. Disease known since ancient times. There is evidence that humanity has experienced so far over 30 flu pandemics, and only in the last century, there were three. The most serious of these, so called. "Spanish flu", founded in 1918, has led to the deaths of 20-50 million people.

The flu virus belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, that there is only one race - Influenzavirus, including viruses causing disease in humans, mammals and birds. Some flu strains are species specific (infect only certain species, or only the people), but there are strains of flu that can spread from animal species to humans. Famous 3 types of flu virus - type A, type B and C. Influenza type C viruses, although similar in morphology differs from the other two types of the antigen and other basic properties. Influenza C occurs sporadically and causes respiratory disease with a slight leakage.
Viruses that cause seasonal epidemics are of type A and type B.
The most volatile are type A flu virus

The flu viruses are RNA viruses with a spherical shape. Their genome is divided into 8 separate fragments, which allows great opportunities for genetic variations. Wrapped in a lipid envelope containing two specific glycoprotein issued on the surface as "spikes" - hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Hemaglutininat serves for attachment of the virus to the cells. Neuraminidase facilitates the penetration of the virus into the cell, but also participates in the later stage of exit of the infected cell.



The flu viruses have developed many mechanisms to change its sheathoid glycoproteins, so as to prevent the body's defenses. Hemaglutininat most cosmetic and volatile component A virus neuraminidase also vary, but less intensively. There have been 16 types of hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase type. Designating influenza viruses type A reference established types N and H. There may be multiple combinations of different H and N, i.e. has the potential for many subtypes of influenza. In the past 50 years, most of the flu in humans were caused by strains with 3 subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2, H3) and two types of neuraminidase (N1, N2). Contemporary indication of flu viruses and indicates where the virus was first isolated and year of isolation. Characteristic of influenza viruses is their ability to change. So they can overcome the body's defenses. Hemaglutininat is the most volatile component A virus neuraminidase is also changed, but less intensively. Small changes in the genes for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are called antigenic drift. Drift occurs within a distinct subtype and may lead to a change in virulence. Large changes, called antigenic shift resulting from the rearrangement of the gene to be achieved between the 2 different strains of viruses likely conditions of mixed infection (e.g. infection of an organism with a human virus, and avian). That may result in a virulent strain which is more lethal and spread faster. They are responsible for a flu pandemic.

How do you catch the flu?

Flu viruses are spread by droplets through tiny droplets that are released when sneezing, coughing, speaking of people who are infected and are around us. Virus infection occurs after inhalation of these droplets. If the flu virus is not neutralized in the upper respiratory tract, to enter cells of the nose, throat, etc. and begin to rapidly multiply. Patient Virus removed from the beginning of the development of symptoms or within 24 hours before development. Viruses continue to be paid within 5-10 days. Young children shedding virus for longer. Patients with impaired immunity may secrete the virus several weeks to several months. Transmission of influenza viruses on contact time (by touch) is much rarer. Transmission of influenza from poultry or pigs to humans probably be achieved by a direct contact with infected animals. The risk is particularly high during the slaughter and preparation for consumption. Proper cooked meat poses no risk. Bird flu can also be spread through exposure to water and surfaces contaminated with bird droppings.

Throughout the year can be seen cases of flu. In an area annually observed seasonal ups of infection that are mostly among children in a time when they are clustered in schools and aerosol distribution mechanism is the most efficient. Autumn-winter seasonality is associated with the ability of the virus to survive better at low temperatures. Disinfectants destroy viruses in few minutes. Fly epidemics have occurred 1-3 years usually in season head. They are a result of the emergence of new strains.The flu pandemic covering the entire population of the world occurring in 10-20 years. The reason for this is the ability of influenza virus to modify and to avoid the immune system.

7 Dangerous summer flu can cause diabetes!

I warn physicians of a burgeoning summer flu. It is caused mainly by 6-7 enteroviruses that assail us now. Enteroviruses are developed in the intestine. When young they attack the beta cells of the pancreas, which produce insulin, and thus trigger diabetes, but this is relatively rare. In adults, however, they can strike the heart, causing myocarditis, cause aseptic meningitis, which are treatable, and pain in intercostal space. 

In most cases, summer flu viruses  is rampant now, we bring fever, sore throat, chills, rash, nausea, stomach pain and permanently reside in the toilet. The disease goes away for about a week.

Summer flu vaccine
 not created because enteroviruses have the ability to change all the time. Usually caught up in the human small intestine, within hours it is possible to change to a completely new type. Therefore, good hygiene is the only way to prevent summer flu caused by them.


Enteroviruses are very persistent, so the U.S. against them, special soaps that are commonly used by people active in the plague season.
With enteroviruses can get infected not only by sneezing and coughing around or use of foreign or not well washed utensils, but also touch the handles on the bus or off the railing of the escalator in the metro.
Adherence to them is particularly dangerous due to the fact that in 80% of cases enteroviruses have no clinical symptoms. An infected person may not feel any symptoms a few days, but during that time to infect many people around him.

  The surest way to prevent the summer flu is increasing hygiene and boosting ypur immune system. Avoid when you were in areas with high concentrations of people to get closer to your hands remain, eyes and nose.

1 Stomach flu remedies, causes, symptoms, diagnose, prevention.

This is an inflammation of the stomach and intestine, which could be caused by various reasons. A major symptom of the disease is diarrhea, but it may also be accompanied by nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Severity of the condition varies from mild to severe and even life-threatening. The right approach requires a detailed history collected that can identify not only the cause of diarrhea, but the risks of complications. Importance is the specification of the type of food that is consumed before the appearance of diarrhea, number of stools and their consistency, presence of impurities such as blood, mucus or pus accompanying symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain and fever.

Types of gastroenteritis

According to the agent into the following types of gastroenteritis:

Viral gastroenteritis

- the most common cause is Noroviruses and Rotaviruses;

Bacterial gastroenteritis

- may be caused by Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, and other types of bacteria.

Parasitic gastroenteritis

- the agents are parasites, mostly falling in the body with the food - Entamoeba hystolitica, Giardia lamblia.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis

- rare gastro which can occur in both adults and children. Its cause is not fully understood, but an association with food allergies.

What causes stomach flu

Causes of stomach flu are very diverse. Viruses and bacteria are the most common of them. They are very contagious and can be spread through contaminated food or water. Infection is spread from person to person by the fecal-oral route - with bad hygiene and contamination of food with dirty hands.

Gastroenteritis caused by viruses that normally lasts for one - two days. Sometimes due to the bacteria, however, can continue much longer.

About 50 to 70% of viral gastroenteritis in adults is caused by the norovirus. They are highly contagious and spread quickly. Norovirus infection happens mostly when eating food contaminated with them or touch other contaminated objects and putting hands in the mouth afterwards.
Another frequent cause of viral gastroenteritis are rotavirus. They primarily affect children in infant and early childhood and can cause severe diarrhea among dehydration. Causes are viruses adenovirus, parvovirus astroviruses.

Bacterial gastroenteritis, unlike viral, pass more severe, more often leads to complications, but infection may affect other organs. Some of the bacteria that cause gastroenteritis, a toxin, which account for the symptoms.
Infection with Escherichia coli may entail significant complications of kidney, particularly during childhood. Other common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis are Shigella, Salmonella, Campilobacter.

Infection with Salmonella bacteria were mostly by consuming contaminated food, but also in close contact with birds and reptiles are carriers of the bacteria.

Prevalence of infection with Shigella can be done by consuming contaminated food or water, and swimming in polluted waters, and homosexual contacts in males.

Infection with Campylobacter most often by eating raw or poorly cooked chicken meat.

Parasitic gastroenteritis are less common than viral and bacterial. Infection with these small organisms it most commonly by consuming contaminated water or swimming in contaminated waters. The most common causes gastroenteritis Giardia lamblia. Often become infected after ingestion of water from lakes and rivers contaminated with animal feces.
Another cause is Cryptosporidium, which is found in the intestinal tract of animals and is excreted in the feces. Infection occurs in a similar way Giardia lamblia, but mostly affects people with reduced immunity.

Other non-infectious gastroenteritis can be caused by chemical toxins contained mostly in seafood, food allergies, heavy metals, antibiotics and other drugs.

Symptoms of stomach flu :

As the name indicates, gastroenteritis (stomach flu) is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, which most often occurs with vomiting and diarrhea.

The most common symptoms are :

Mild fever - not exceeding 38 degrees.

Nausea and vomiting;

Mild to moderate diarrhea;

Abdominal pain - incremental and relief after defecation.

Serious symptoms that require medical attention are :

Blood in the stool or vomit;

Vomiting over 48 hours;

Temperature greater than 40 degrees;

Swollen and tender abdomen;

Signs of dehydration - fatigue and dizziness, dry skin and mucous membranes, decreased urine output, and decreased sweating.

How to diagnose gastroenteritis

The disease is most often self-limiting, and maintenance therapy is aimed at controlling the symptoms and to prevent dehydration. Most often no further testing is required. For persistent symptoms or complications of the condition tests will be ordered. The germ is the most frequent in a sample of faeces. Furthermore, laboratory tests are appointed - complete blood count, electrolytes. Important for diagnosis and limiting the spread of infection is thorough collection of the history of the disease. Importance are the data travels, contact poisons and irritants, antibiotics or other medications, changes in diet or eating questionable food, there are other ill family member.

Stomach flu treatment

Treatment of stomach flu is primarily supportive. It is better to make the so-called. Diet pause that facilitates the work of the gastrointestinal tract. The most important thing is to ensure adequate intake of fluids adequately lost from vomiting and diarrhea. In profuse vomiting and inability to fluid intake by mouth, they are employed intravenously in a hospital setting. Used solutions rich electrolyte.

Antidiarrheal agents are not recommended, since they reduce peristalsis and the risk of invasion of bacteria from the intestine into the blood (bacteremia). However, they can be administered in mild diarrhea without the presence of blood.

If necessary, appoint anti-sickness medication, but they are not recommended in children.

Taking probiotics helps in faster recovery of normal intestinal flora.

In establishing the causative bacterial antibiotics are appointed by bacteriologic.

Treatment of stomach flu with herb

Some herbs and herbal extracts have a soothing effect on the gastrointestinal tract. They have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immune system boosters. Take the form of a tea or capsules.

Echinacea - has antibacterial properties and boost the immune system;

Marshmallow - has soothing and anti-inflammatory;

Ginger - it is a real tonic for the stomach and intestines. Anti-inflammatory effect, relieves nausea and vomiting, decreased gastric pain and bloating;

Rosehips - act favorably on the diarrheal syndrome. Rosehip tea may be used instead of water for hydration. It is used in children.

Chamomile - soothes pain and discomfort in the stomach and intestines.

Stomach flu - Prevention :

Most important for the prevention of stomach flu has the respect of personal hygiene with regular hand washing. The food should also be washed thoroughly and pass through a sufficient heat treatment.

1 Flu symptoms 2013: Stalking summer flu. Beware!

Get sick from the flu in the middle of summer when you thought about the sea ... this is what can be called a disaster. This scenario, however, is entirely possible, especially if you spend a lot of time on the air conditioning. Constant changes in temperature can also help you cut down from summer flu.

Quite suddenly begin to feel uncomfortable, raise temperature, not delayed and vomiting. Follow at least three days in which you feel "disassembled" and "keep the bed." So goes the summer flu that started struggling people in the rest of the season. According to the observations of GPs summer flu stays more firmly into our daily lives. This is a viral infection accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea, and in some cases high temperature explain specialists.


Very important for the treatment of a virus other than medications, it is a diet or called. tea break. 10-12 hours to take only liquids and teas from peppermint, chamomile and rose hips. They contain vitamins to strengthen the body and calming effect on motility. Can not endure so many hours without an food can eat pretzels, crackers or toast. Gradually after a feeding of vegetable soup with potato and carrot, without any spices.

 If you are treated by the summer flu home alone, many important personal hygiene, use of individual means and maximum isolation from other family members. Doctors say that if one is sick, you get sick and all the other relatives had contact with him. If within three days of the summer flu symptoms do not subside, you should seek medical help out professionals.

11 Flu symptoms 2013: Treatment of flu! Flu epidemic prevention!

The flu is a disease, accompanied mankind for centuries, but it remains a serious medical and social problem in our days. The flu can be manifested in the form of pandemics, epidemics, local outbreaks and isolated cases. Worst flu epidemics caused by type A influenza virus.The flu epidemics occur almost every year, although the severity varies great ly - its distribution is limited to a neighborhood, city or country.

Flu is acute, self-limiting infectious disease that is caused by influenza virus types A, B and C. The temperate climate region, flu epidemics always occur during the winter months. The disease is manifested by toxic infectious syndrome - a sharp deterioration in general health, headache, pain behind the eyeballs, pain in muscles and joints, acute tracheitis, and pulmonary complications leading to high mortality.

Infection is accomplished by transmission of the virus by the secretions from the upper respiratory tract of infected persons. At the beginning of the infection in the secretions of infected concentrate huge amounts of viruses that are transmitted by sneezing, coughing or talking. Only one person is able to infect a wide range of sensitive individuals. This can lead to explosive and snap-onset disease in many people. Man is the primary reservoir and source of infection of influenza. Leading role of Air droplet mechanism in enclosed spaces such as public facilities, vehicles and more. The period of infectiousness in adults is 3 to 5 days after the onset of the disease and up to 7 days in children.

The main factors that determine the risk of disease are: level then its predecessor specific immunity and age of infected them - the final ages are extremely susceptible to infection. With the increased risk are people with sore subject for the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, metabolic diseases, especially diabetes, cancer, immunodeficiency, pregnancy and more.

The incubation period - time from inoculation to first appearance of disease symptoms is from 24 hours to 4-5 days, depending on the infecting dose and the immune status of the organism. The flu infection in adults include a wide spectrum of manifestations of asymptomatic infection to primary viral pneumonia, which can be fatal.

Despite exist in the public domain opinion about "atypical forms" of influenza, the clinical picture of flu is very typical stereotype. Onset is sudden, with severe general condition, headache, chills, pain in muscles and joints, loss of appetite. The main feature of influenza is the sharp rise in temperature to 38-40 degrees. She remained at high levels by the second or third day began to rapidly decline. The second day appear catarrhal symptoms: nasal nose, leaking serous discharge from the nose, sneezing, irritation and discomfort in the throat. There may be redness of the mucous membranes of the eyes and hard tears. There is a dry irritating cough. In the neck detected single enlarged lymph nodes. In auscultation and radiography of the lungs Absent abnormalities. Typically, a temperature decrease of the symptoms of the respiratory tract are exacerbated. Cough gradually becomes moist and productive.

In people over the age of 65 the temperature was increased in low-grade values (slightly elevated - br), respiratory symptoms are mild, often noted blurred consciousness. After normalization of temperature and symptom recovery runs from 1 to 2 weeks with malaise, tiredness and cough.



In children, the course is similar to that in adults, but is also characterized by certain features. The temperature normally is higher and may be accompanied by convulsions. Higher the incidence of otitis media, croup (viral infection of the respiratory tract in children 3 months to 3 years, with ongoing barking cough, hoarse or raspy voice, loud, rapid and labored breathing, etc.. B. River ), pneumonia, and myositis. (Myositis in children covers the muscles of the lower leg and is expressed in much pain when walking.) Influenza predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbate pre-existing asthma. In children under 3 years are common dyspeptic events, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. There may be multiple diarrheal stools.

In infancy the disease is particularly high temperatures, severely impaired general condition in the absence of local signs and can be fatal.

In the second and third trimester of pregnancy have an increased risk of fatal ending influenza infection to the fetus, since the virus is not isolated from it.

Influenza virus type B gives the same spectrum of diseases influenza A, but the incidence of serious and complex shapes is 4-fold lower. Typical events are gastrointestinal - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and myositis. Infection with Influenza occurs in small epidemics and affects mostly school and adolescence.

Influenza C occurs as sporadic cases with mild catarrhal manifestations (inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract)

Complications of influenza are mainly from the lungs, and less of the nervous system. They are more common in patients of advanced age.

The diagnosis of flu made on the basis of data on the seasonal incidence, clinical features of acute onset with marked intoksikotsionen and subsequent catarrhal syndrome. The final placement is by virological investigations. In the acute period of the disease (the third day) materials from patients for research pharyngeal and / or nasal swabs and washes, and tracheal or bronchial aspirates. They demonstrate any naspetsifichni influenza antigens within minutes and hours. (For virus isolation in eggs and cell culture and subsequent identification take 1 to 2 weeks.) Used different serological methods for the detection of antibodies to influenza virus in two consecutive serum samples taken. Differential diagnosis is necessary in the first place with the other acute respiratory viral diseases due to increased seasonal incidence during the cold months of the year, the presence of intoxication and catarrhal symptoms.

Treatment of uncomplicated forms of influenza are appointed antipyretics, analgesics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In persistent cough include antitussive. For the treatment of flu A are known four antiviral agents: amantadine, rimantadine, and neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir). To exhibit therapeutic activity, need to be employed in the first 24 to 48 hours from the onset of the disease. Their therapeutic effect, comprising: a mild course of the disease, reduction in the duration of the symptoms, reducing the incidence of complications and duration of the radiation navirusa. The preparations can be used for prophylaxis of influenza in naive patients during the flu epidemic or when it has been shown that the population circulating virus strain which is not included in the panel for flu vaccines.

Primary prophylactic measure against influenza has been the use of flu vaccines. All of which are developed after isolation and precise selection of circulating the season influenza A and B viruses, which is supposed to cause the disease in the following season. Vaccines decrease in greater severity than the incidence of infection. It is essential to familiarize the public and health care personnel with the basic principles of personal hygiene and the risk of transmission of influenza virus: coughing and sneezing and by contact with contaminated hands mucosa. Chemoprophylaxis with antivirals has a high efficiency - 80%.